Complicated pneumonia with empyema caused by streptococcus anginosus in a child / Complicated pneumonia with empyema caused by streptococcus anginosus in a child

ABSTRACT Objective: To highlight the pathogenicity of Streptococcus anginosus, which is rare in pediatric patients, but can cause severe infections that are known to have a better outcome when treated early with interventional procedures and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Case description: The patient is a 6-year-old boy with global developmental delay, examined in the emergency room due to fever and respiratory distress. The physical examination and diagnostic workout revealed complicated pneumonia with empyema of the left hemithorax; he started antibiotic therapy and underwent thoracic drainage. Pleural fluid cultures grew Streptococcus anginosus. On day 11, the child had a clinical deterioration with recurrence of fever, hypoxia, and respiratory distress. At this point, considering the causative agent, he was submitted to video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication, with good progress thereafter. Comments: Streptococcus anginosus is a commensal bacterium of the human oral cavity capable of causing severe systemic infections. Although reports of complicated thoracic infections with this agent are rare in the pediatric population, they have been increasing in adults. Streptococcus anginosus has a high capacity to form abscess and empyema, requiring different therapeutic approaches when compared to complicated pneumonia caused by other agents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Alertar para a patogenicidade do Streptococcus anginosus que, apesar de raro em pediatria, pode causar infeções graves que necessitam de tratamento invasivo e antibioterapia de longo curso para obter um melhor prognóstico. Descrição do caso: Criança de seis anos, com atraso do desenvolvimento psicomotor, avaliado no serviço de urgência por febre e dificuldade respiratória. O exame físico, juntamente com os exames complementares, revelou uma pneumonia complicada com empiema no hemitórax esquerdo, tendo iniciado antibioterapia e sido submetido à drenagem do líquido pleural. Foi identificado Streptococcus anginosus nesse líquido. No 11º dia de doença, a criança agravou o seu estado clínico, com recidiva da febre, hipoxemia e dificuldade respiratória. Considerando-se o microrganismo identificado, o paciente foi submetido à decorticação pulmonar por videotoracoscopia, com boa evolução clínica posterior. Comentários: Streptococcus anginosus é uma bactéria comensal da cavidade oral humana, que pode causar infecções sistêmicas graves. Apesar de serem raros os casos descritos em pediatria, têm sido cada vez mais descritas infecções torácicas complicadas em adultos. Esse microrganismo também tem a capacidade de formar abcessos e empiemas, que precisam de intervenções terapêuticas diferentes, quando comparados a pneumonias complicadas causadas por outros agentes.

Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-ß1) levels in a rat model of induced pleural empyema

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the concentration of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) levels in a rat pleural effusion obtained by inoculation of intrapleural bacteria or turpentine through thoracentesis. Methods: Thirty-Nine Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Staphylococcus aureus (SA, n = 17); Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP, n = 12); and turpentine (control, n = 10). Pleural fluid was collected through ultrasound-guided thoracentesis 12 h, 24 h, and 36 h after instillation of bacteria or turpentine. Levels of TGFB1 were measured in pleural fluid. Results: At 12 h, mean TGFB1concentrations were 5.3450 pg/mL in the SA group, 5.3449 pg/mL in the SP group, and 5.3450 pg/mL in controls. At 24 h, they were 4.6700 pg/mL in the SA group, 4.6700 pg/mL in the SP group, and 4.6700 pg/mL in controls. At 36 h, they were 4.6699 pg/mL in the SA group and in control. No difference was observed among the groups in mean TGFB1concentration (p = 0.12); however, a significant intragroup reduction in mean TGFB1 was observed between 12 and 24 h (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The transforming growth factor beta 1 concentrations were not useful as a diagnostic tool or an early marker of infected pleural effusion.

Neumonías necrosantes graves con empiema asociado / Severe necrotizing pneumonias with secondary empyemas

Introducción: Las neumonías necrosantes (NN) con empiema son una enfermedad grave y un desafío multidisciplinario. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una caracterización epidemiológica y, en forma secundaria, analizar su tratamiento y evolución. Presentación de casos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos consecutivos con NN con empiema que se presentaron en el Hospital Padre Hurtado. Siete (77,8%) eran de sexo masculino. La mediana de edad fue de 53 (rango 21-73) años. El 44% presentaban comorbilidades (diabetes, HTA o enfermedades neurológicas). El 44% presentaban abuso de drogas y 3 estaban en un estado de desnutrición severa. Manejo y evolución: La mediana de tiempo de hospitalización fue de 41 (rango 16-129) días. En 4 pacientes el germen aislado fue un Enterococcus faecalis. Complicaciones torácicas ocurrieron en el 33,3% de los pacientes. Un paciente requirió una lobectomía, un paciente una fenestración y otro paciente falleció. Discusión: Las NN con empiemas son raras. Sin embargo, frente a la asociación de diabetes, desnutrición y abuso de drogas continuaremos viendo estos casos de difícil manejo con elevada morbimortalidad.

Introduction: Necrotizing pneumonia complicated with empyema is a life-threatening condition that challenges multidisciplinary teams. The aim of this study is to perform an epidemiological characterization of these patients, and secondly, analyse their treatment and outcomes. Case presentation: A retrospective analysis of a series of consecutive patients experiencing necrotizing pneumonia with empyema who presented at Hospital Padre Hurtado. Seven (77.8%) were male. The median age was 53 (range 21-73) years. 44% presented with comorbidities (diabetes, high blood pressure, and neurological diseases). 44% presented drug abuse consumption and three (33.3%) were in a state of severe malnutrition. Management and outcome: The median time of hospitalization was 41 (range 16-129) days. Thoracotomies were performed in eight (83.2%) of the patients. In four patients, the isolated bacteria's were Enterococcus faecalis. Thoracic complications occurred in three (33.3%) patients. One patient required a lobectomy, one patient a fenestration and one (11.1%) patient died. Discussion: Necrotizing pneumonias complicated with empyema are rare, however, if there is an association with drug abuse, diabetes and malnutrition, we will continue to see such challenging cases with high morbidity and mortality.

Septicemia hemorrágica y empiema pleural por Pasteurella canis / Pasteurella canis hemorragic sepsis and empyema

We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient, with a three-day history of hematemesis, melena, abdominal wall hematoma and epistaxis associated with thrombocytopenia and anemia. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was diagnosed and she was treated with dexamethasone for four days. The patient developed acute respiratory failure with signs of systemic inflammatory response. Blood and pleural fluid cultures grew Pasteurella canis. This is the first case, to our knowledge, of P. canis empyema associated with hemorrhagic septicemia without epidemiological background and the third case of septicemia caused by P. canis reported in the literature.

Comunicamos el caso de una mujer de 56 años de edad, con un cuadro clínico de tres días de evolución caracterizado por hematemesis, melena, hematoma en la pared abdominal y epistaxis, asociado a trombocitopenia y anemia. Con un probable diagnóstico de un púrpura trombocitopénico idiopático, se trató con dexametasona por cuatro días. Evolucionó con una insuficiencia respiratoria aguda con signos de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, por un empiema pleural izquierdo con aislamiento de Pasteurella canis en hemocultivos y líquido pleural. Este es el primer caso, según nuestro conocimiento, de un empiema por P. canis asociado a una septicemia hemorrágica, sin antecedentes epidemiológicos; y tercero de una sepsis por P. canis publicado en el mundo.

Empiemas pleurales por Gemella spp: una etiología no tan infrecuente / Pleural empyema due to Gemella spp: Report of 12 cases

Background: Gemella genus bacteria can produce localized or generalized severe infections, but very rarely they have been described as causingpulmonary infections or pleural empyemas. Aim: To characterize patients with empyema caused by Gemella genus bacteria. Material and Methods: The database of a Microbiology laboratory of a Spanish hospital was reviewed, searchingfor Gemella positive cultures ofpleural effusions in a period offive years. Results: We identified 12 patients (11 males) with Gemella spp pleural empyema. Eight were infected with G. haemolysans and four with G. morbillorum. All patients had predisposingfactors such as poor oral hygiene, smoking, chronic cardiovascular or respiratory disease, alcoholism or malignancies. In ten cases, a thoracic drainage tube was placed with fibrinolysis in seven. One patient needed surgery because of a relapse of the empyema. Two patients died because of an advanced neoplasm, and the empyema was resolved in the rest. Conclusions: Gemella pleural empyema can occur and its isolation must not be seen as a contamination.

Empiema paraneumónico: caracterización y factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad en 242 casos tratados quirúrgicamente / Parapneuminic empyema: characterization and factors associated with morbility and mortality in 242 surgical cases

Objectives: To describe and evaluate factors associated with morbidity and mortality in surgically treated parapneumonic empyemas (PNE). Method: Retrospective review between January 2000 and August 2006. We described clinical features and we performed univariate and multivariate analysis to find the factors associated with morbidity and mortality. SPSS 15.0 program was used in the statistical analysis. Results: 242 of 343 surgically treated empyemas (70.6 percent) were paraneumonic. Of these 165 (68.2 percent were men, average age 52.1 years, 229 (94.6 percent were community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 13 (5.4 percent) nosocomial. Germs were isolated in pleural fluid in 57 (23.6 percent). Surgical procedures were: 183 (75.6 percent decortications, 49 (20.2 percent pleurotomies, 7 (2.9 percent video-assisted surgery and 3 (1.2 percent decortications with pulmonary resection. Complications occurred in 65 cases (26.9 percent) and 16 patients died (6.6 percent). We found variables associated with morbidity and mortality. Conclusions: PNE is the most common cause of empyema, mostly associated with CAP and germs are difficult to identify. Decortication is the most common surgical treatment. Morbidity and mortality are present. Variables associated with morbidity and mortality were identified in this clinical series.

Objetivos: Describir las características y evaluar los factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad en el empiema paraneumónico (EPN) tratado quirúrgicamente. Método: Revisión retrospectiva entre Enero 2000 y Agosto 2006. Se describen características y factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad, se realizó análisis univariado y multivariado utilizando programa SPSS 15.0. Resultados: 242 pacientes tenían EPN (70,6 por ciento de los empiemas tratados), 165 (68,2 por ciento) fueron hombres, edad promedio 52,1 años, 229 (94,6 por ciento) fueron neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad (NAC) y 13 (5,4 por ciento intrahospitalarias. Se aisló gérmenes en líquido pleural en 57 (23,6 por ciento). Se realizaron 183 (75,6 por ciento) decorticaciones, 49 (20,2 por ciento) pleurotomías, 7 (2,9 por ciento), cirugías video-asistidas y 3 (1,2 por ciento decorticaciones con resección pulmonar. Presentaron complicaciones 65 (26,9 por ciento. Fallecieron 16 pacientes (6,6 por ciento). Se identificaron variables asociadas a morbi-mortalidad. Conclusiones: El EPN es la causa más frecuente de empiema, la mayoría está asociado a NAC y en pocos se identifican gérmenes. La decorticación es el procedimiento más frecuente. Se identificaron las variables asociadas a morbi-mortalidad en esta serie clínica.

Empiema pleural en 343 casos con tratamiento quirúrgico: características, resultados inmediatos y factores asociados a morbilidad y mortalidad / Pleural empyema: retrospective review of 343 patients

Background: Pleural empyema still has a dismal prognosis. Aim: To describe features and prognostic factors of patients with pleural empyema subjected to surgical procedures. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 343 patients with pleural empyema (mean age 52 years, 71 percent males), that were subjected to any type of surgical procedure. Criteria for diagnosis of empyema were a positive culture, a fluid pH of less than 7.2 or a compatible macroscopic appearance of the fluid. Results: Empyema was secondary to pneumonia in 243 patients (71 percent, secondary to surgical procedures in 41 patients (12 percent), secondary to trauma in 19 patients (5.5 percent), secondary to a lung abscess in 10 patients (3 percent), tuberculous in 10 patients (3 percent), neoplastic in two cases (0.6 percent), secondary to pneumothorax in 2 cases (0.6 percent) and of unknown origin in 13 patients (4 percent). A microorganism was isolated from pleural fluid in 89 patients (26 percent). The surgical procedures performed were 251 decortications by thoracotomy (73 percent), 70 pleurotomies (20 percent), 11 video assisted surgeries (3 percent), seven decortications with lung resections and four fenestrations. Complications were recorded in 104 patients (30 percent), 29 patients were re-operated (8.5 percent) and 31 died (10 percent), all due to sepsis. Conclusions: The main cause of pleural empyema is pneumonia. In most patients, microorganisms are not isolated from pleural fluid, thoracotomy with decortication is the most frequent surgical procedure. There is a high rate of complications and mortality.

Objetivos: Describir características, resultados inmediatos y evaluar factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad de Empiema Pleural (EP) con tratamiento quirúrgico. Método: Revisión retrospectiva. Período: enero 2000 - agosto 2006. Se describen características, resultados inmediatos y factores asociados a morbi-mortalidad. Se utilizó programa SPSS 15.0. Se consideró significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: 343 pacientes, 243 (70,8 por ciento) hombres (relación 2,4:1), edad promedio 51,7 años. Etiología: 242 (70,6 por ciento) paraneumónico, 41 (12,0 por ciento) postquirúrgico, 19 (5,5 por ciento) postraumático, 10 (2,9 por ciento) absceso pulmonar, 10 (2,9 por ciento) tuberculoso, 6 (1,7 por ciento) neoplásico, 2 (0,6 por ciento) neumotórax y 13 (3,8 por ciento) desconocido. Se aisló germen en líquido pleural en 89 (25,9 por ciento). Se realizaron: 251 (73,2 por ciento) decorticaciones por toracotomía, 70 (20,4 por ciento) pleurotomías, 11 (3,2 por ciento) cirugías video-asistidas, 7 (2,1 por ciento) decorticaciones con resección pulmonar y 4 (1,2 por ciento) fenestraciones. Presentaron complicaciones 104 (30,3 por ciento) pacientes. Se reoperaron 29 (8,5 por ciento). Fallecieron 31 (9,6 por ciento), todos por sepsis. Se encontraron variables asociadas a morbi-mortalidad. Conclusiones: El EP tiene como causa más frecuente el empiema paraneumónico seguido de los postoperatorios, en la mayoría no se identifican gérmenes en líquido pleural. La toracotomía con decorticación es el procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuente. El EP tiene una considerable morbi-mortalidad. Se identifican variables asociadas a morbilidad y mortalidad.

Etiology of pleural effusion among adults in the State of Qatar: a 1-year hospital-based study

There have been no systematic studies of diseases causing pleural effusion in Qatar. This prospective, hospital-based study involved all adult patients [> 15 years] with pleural effusions who were admitted to referral hospitals over a 1-year period. A total of 200 cases of pleural effusion were identified [152 males and 48 females]; mean age 45.1 [SD 18.5] years. A majority of patients [73.5%] were non-Qataris, mostly from the Asian subcontinent. The most frequent cause of pleural effusions was tuberculosis [32.5%], followed by pneumonia [19%], cancer [15.5%] and cardiac failure [13%]. The most frequent cause of malignant effusion was bronchogenic carcinoma [38.7%], whereas Gram-positive organisms were the most frequent isolates from empyema fluid [62.5%]. Histological examination and culture of pleural biopsy were the most useful diagnostic workup for tuberculosis effusions, whereas repeated cytological examination of pleural fluid and pleural biopsy were most useful for malignant effusions

Empiema causado por Salmonella typhimurium / Pleural empyema caused by Salmonella typhimurium: a case report

Salmonella species are commonly associated with acute gastroenteritis due to ingestion of contaminated food or water. Extraintestinal infections are less frequent, and most of them occur in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of pleural empyema caused by Salmonella typhimurium, without previous diarrhea or fever. The patient evolved favorably after receiving adequate treatment.

El género Salmonella se caracteriza por causar infecciones en el tracto gastrointestinal, debido a la ingesta de alimentos o agua contaminada. También puede causar, con menor frecuencia, infecciones localizadas en diferentes órganos; esto se asocia con inmunodepresión. En este caso se describe un paciente con infección pleuropulmonar por Salmonella typhimurium, que no reportó antecedentes de diarrea previa. Evolucionó favorablemente con tratamiento adecuado.

Empyema thoracis; possible factors for predicting this complication in children with community acquired bacterial pneumonia

Empyema as a complication of community acquired pneumonia [CAP] is relatively common occurrence in developing countries. Prospective study. 4 year Jan 2001- Dec 2004. Department of Pediatric surgery the Children's hospital Lahore. A total of 114 cases of empyema thoracic secondary to CAP were dealt with during this period, while in the same duration a total of 1768 cases of pneumonia were treated at the Children's hospital Lahore. Majority of the patients with CAP [59.61%] were below one year of age whereas the patients who developed empyema, were mainly [45.67%] between 2 to 5 years of age. Patients above 5 years of age having CAP [31.70%] and having repeated attacks of respiratory tract infection were most susceptible to develop empyema. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism found [40.35%] in this series. Vaccination, poverty and gender did not significant affected the development of empyema among the patients of CAP. Antibiotic resistance had no role in the development of empyema. Ibuprofen may be a risk factor. All the patients were initially managed with tube thoracostomy and antibiotics. Forty-eight patients [42.10%] needed subsequently operative management. Three patients [2.63%] had fatal course in this series same as seen in patients of CAP [2%]. Immunization against causative organism and modification of out patient treatment may affect the incidence of empyema in children and should be studied prospectively

Infección del líquido pleural y ascítico por Listeria monocytogenes: caso clínico / Pleural and ascitic fluid infection by Listeria monocytogenes: report of one case

Ascitic and pleural fluids infection by Listeria monocytogenes is uncommon. The association of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and empyema caused by this microorganism has been seldom reported. A 61 year-old male with an alcoholic cirrhosis and an upper right ¡obectomy for a lung cáncer, consulted because of an exacerbation of dyspnea, abdominal pain and fever. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from ascitic and pleural fluids and from blood cultures. He was successfully treated with ampicillin and a chest tube for drainage.

Spontaneous empyema in cases with cirrhosis

Spontaneous bacterial empyema is an infection of a preexisting hydrothorax in a cirrhotic patient that cannot be attributed to chest condition. It is associated with a bad prognosis and mortality rate may reach over 20%. Infection is usually by enteric bacteria which reach pleural cavity by hematogenous spread; though transfer through bowel wall can occur. The aim of the present work is to study spontaneous bacterial empyema in cirrhotic patients with hepatic hydrothorax and its relation to ascetic fluid. The present study was performed on 40 patients with hepatic hydrothorax from Tropical Medicine Dept. Tanta University. All patients were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, routine laboratory investigations, abdominal US. Tuberculin testing and ZN examination of sputum were done to exclude TB. Examination of pleural fluid of all cases was done including Adenosine Deaminase [ADA] and LDH. Pleural fluid was examined bacteriologically for Gram stain and Ziehl Neelsen staining. Cultures were done using the conventional method and modified method. According to these data, cases were further divided into two groups: group I: thirteen patients [13] with cirrhosis, hepatic hydrothorax with Spontaneous bacterial empyema. Group II: Twenty seven patients [27] with cirrhosis and hepatic hydrothorax. Ascitic fluid analysis macroscopically, biochemically and bacteriologically was done for all cases. There were no significant differences as regards child score, hemoglobin, white cell count, Serum bilirubin and transaminases, but there was a significant deterioration of renal function in group I compared to group II. Comparison of pleural and ascitic fluid in the two groups proved significant differences as regards total leucocytes, PMN, LDH and pH in group I compared to group II. Main bacterial pathogen in pleural fluid was E. coli followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Culture was negative in 46.2% of ascitic fluid and 30.7% in pleural fluid. Spontaneous bacterial empyema is a relatively common complication of cirrhotic patients with hydrothorax. Diagnostic thoracocentesis is mandatory in cases with hepatic hydrothorax regardless the presence or absence of ascites. E. coli is the most common pathogen, and hematogenous spread may play a main role. Modified method of culture is the method of choice to increase sensitivity

Streptococcus constellatus: agente etiológico asociado en empiema pleural / Streptococcus constellatusas a causative agent of empyema: Report of one case

Streptococcus constellatus is a commensal microorganism in man but may cause infections in different locations. We report a 59 years old male with severe sequelae of a previous cerebrovascular accident that consulted in the emergency room for fever of 15 days of evolution. A right empyema was diagnosed. The bacteriological culture of the effusion disclosed the presence of Streptococcus constellatus and two anaerobic strains (Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium urealyticus). The patient was treated with a pleural drainage and received ceftriaxone and clindamycin during six weeks. He was discharged in good conditions and is asymptomatic after eight months of follow up.

Empiema por actinomyces: el gran simulador / Empyema due to Actinomyces: a diagnostic challenge

El derrame pleural aislado, como única manifestación de la actinomicosis es una situación muy rara y un desafío diagnóstico para el clínico, no sólo por su infrecuencia sino por la dificultad técnica para cultivar al gérmen. La típica apariencia microscópica de este bacilo Gram-positivo ramificado en los cultivos suele ser la clave del dianóstico. Se informa un caso de derrame pleural masivo izquierdo por Actinomyces israelii, sin afectación del parénquima pulmonar, de difícil diagnóstico, que mejoró clínica y radiológicamente en forma completa con el drenaje quirúrgico y tratamiento antibiótico prolongado.

The etiology of extensive pleural effusions with troublesome clinical course among children

CONTEXTO: Em São Paulo, pneumonia é a principal causa infecciosa de morte infantil. Derrame pleural parapneumônico é uma complicação grave da doença e intervenção cirúrgica pode ser necessária quando o paciente não responde à antibioticoterapia. OBJETIVO: Determinar a etiologia dos derrames pleurais parapneumônicos complicados que necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Retrospectivo. LOCAL: Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: A análise de 4.000 prontuários de crianças hospitalizadas por pneumonia de novembro de 1986 a novembro de 1996 mostrou que 115 crianças apresentaram um total de 117 casos de empiema que necessitaram de intervenção cirúrgica. Os autores analisaram os dados clínicos das crianças, correlacionando os achados radiológicos, o estado nutricional e a situação vacinal das crianças. Terapias antimicrobianas prévias e bacterioscopia do derrame pleural também foram analisadas. RESULTADOS: Streptococcus pneumoniae foi o agente mais encontrado, tanto nas hemoculturas quanto nos derrames pleurais. DISCUSSAO: A cobertura vacinal, o peso ao nascimento e o estado nutricional das crianças estudadas foram analisados e comparados aos dados encontrados em outras publicações. Observamos que derrames pleurais causam desconforto importante e, na maioria dos casos, não se trata de complicação do primeiro episódio infeccioso do aparelho respiratório. O uso prévio de antibióticos alterou o resultado das culturas. O achado de Streptococcus pneumoniae como o agente mais freqüentemente encontrado está de acordo com os resultados de outros autores. No entanto, os antibióticos utilizados após a realização do procedimento são os mesmos utilizados em pneumonias não-complicadas, fato que nos levou a concluir que a pior evolução desses casos não se deve à resistência dos agentes aos antimicrobianos. CONCLUSAO: O perfil bacteriano na nossa série de casos é semelhante ao descrito para pneumonias não complicadas. Novos estudos serão necessários para se determinar o motivo da pior evolução dessas crianças.

Empiema pleural causado por Edwardsiella tarda / Pleural empyema caused by Edwardsiella tarda

Os autores descrevem o primeiro caso registrado de empiema pleural causado por Edwardsiella tarda, uma bactéria Gram negativa, e fazem uma revisão da literatura das infecções causadas por este patógeno

Nocardia pneumonia with empyema thoracis in a healthy neonate: a case report.

A 40-day-old male infant presented with fever and non-productive cough for 3 weeks, tachypnea and dyspnea 5 days before admission. The chest radiograph and computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed right lung consolidation with pleural effusion. Pleural tapping showed frank pus that grew Nocardia asteroides. The CT scan of the brain and abdomen were normal. The patient was treated with 15 mg/kg/day of trimethoprim and 75 mg/kg/day of sulfamethoxazole intravenously for 3 weeks and then orally for 6 months with complete recovery. T cell quantitative studies were normal and anti-HIV was non-reactive. A flow cytometric assay with Staphylococcal aureus and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as the stimulants showed normal oxidative burst which represented normal intracellular killing. One year after completion of treatment, he was healthy and the chest radiograph was normal.